Air mass origin and its influence over the aerosol size distribution: a study in SE Spain

International audienceA k-means cluster analysis of 96 hour trajectories arriving in Southeast (SE) Spain at 3000, 1500 and 500 m for the 7-year period 2000?2006 has been performed to identify and describe the main flows arriving at the study area. The dependence of the aerosol size distribution on the air mass origin has been studied by using non-parametric statistics. There are statistically significant differences on aerosol size distribution and meteorological variables at surface level according to the identified clusters

Patterns and Long Range Correlations in Idealized Granular Flows

An initially homogeneous freely evolving fluid of inelastic hard spheres develops inhomogeneities in the flow field (vortices) and in the density field (clusters), driven by unstable fluctuations. Their spatial correlations, as measured in molecular dynamics simulations, exhibit long range correlations; the mean vortex diameter grows as the square root of time; there occur transitions to macroscopic shearing states, etc. The Cahn--Hilliard theory of spinodal decomposition offers a qualitative understanding and quantitative estimates of the observed phenomena. When intrinsic length scales are of the order of the system size, effects of physical boundaries and periodic boundaries (finite size effects in simulations) are important.Comment: 13 pages with 7 postscript figures, LaTeX (uses psfig). Submitted to International Journal of Modern Physics

Influence of meteorological input data on backtrajectory cluster analysis ? a seven-year study for southeastern Spain

International audienceBacktrajectory differences and clustering sensitivity to the meteorological input data are studied. Trajectories arriving in Southeast Spain (Elche), at 3000, 1500 and 500 m for the 7-year period 2000?2006 have been computed employing two widely used meteorological data sets: the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis and the FNL data sets. Differences between trajectories grow linearly at least up to 48 h, showing faster growing after 72 h. A k-means cluster analysis performed on each set of trajectories shows differences in the identified clusters (main flows), partially because the number of clusters of each clustering solution differs for the trajectories arriving at 3000 and 1500 m. Trajectory membership to the identified flows is in general more sensitive to the input meteorological data than to the initial selection of cluster centroids

Antipsychotic drugs: is more worse? a meta-analysis of the published randomized control trials

Effectiveness and side-effects of high- versus low-dose neuroleptic treatment of chronic psychosis have been assessed through a meta-analysis of 22 published randomized control trials comparing different neuroleptic doses. No incremental clinical improvement was found at doses above 375 mg equivalent of chlorpromazine, while a significant increase in adverse reactions was observe

Measurement report: Receptor modeling for source identification of urban fine and coarse particulate matter using hourly elemental composition

The elemental composition of the fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM2.5−10) fraction of atmospheric particulate matter was measured at an hourly time resolution by the use of a streaker sampler during a winter period at a Central European urban background site in Warsaw, Poland. A combination of multivariate (Positive Matrix Factorization) and wind- (Conditional Probability Function) and trajectory-based (Cluster Analysis) receptor models was applied for source apportionment. It allowed for the identification of five similar sources in both fractions, including sulfates, soil dust, road salt, and traffic- and industry-related sources. Another two sources, i.e., Cl-rich and wood and coal combustion, were solely identified in the fine fraction. In the fine fraction, aged sulfate aerosol related to emissions from domestic solid fuel combustion in the outskirts of the city was the largest contributing source to fine elemental mass (44 %), while traffic-related sources, including soil dust mixed with road dust, road dust, and traffic emissions, had the biggest contribution to the coarse elemental mass (together accounting for 83 %). Regional transport of aged aerosols and more local impact of the rest of the identified sources played a crucial role in aerosol formation over the city. In addition, two intensive Saharan dust outbreaks were registered on 18 February and 8 March 2016. Both episodes were characterized by the long-range transport of dust at 1500 and 3000 m over Warsaw and the concentrations of the soil component being 7 (up to 3.5 µg m−3) and 6 (up to 6.1 µg m−3) times higher than the mean concentrations observed during non-episodes days (0.5 and 1.1 µg m−3) in the fine and coarse fractions, respectively. The set of receptor models applied to the high time resolution data allowed us to follow, in detail, the daily evolution of the aerosol elemental composition and to identify distinct sources contributing to the concentrations of the different PM fractions, and it revealed the multi-faceted nature of some elements with diverse origins in the fine and coarse fractions. The hourly resolution of meteorological conditions and air mass back trajectories allowed us to follow the transport pathways of the aerosol as well.</p

Steady state properties of a driven granular medium

We study a two-dimensional granular system where external driving force is applied to each particle in the system in such a way that the system is driven into a steady state by balancing the energy input and the dissipation due to inelastic collision between particles. The velocities of the particles in the steady state satisfy the Maxwellian distribution. We measure the density-density correlation and the velocity-velocity correlation functions in the steady state and find that they are of power-law scaling forms. The locations of collision events are observed to be time-correlated and such a correlation is described by another power-law form. We also find that the dissipated energy obeys a power-law distribution. These results indicate that the system evolves into a critical state where there are neither characteristic spatial nor temporal scales in the correlation functions. A test particle exhibits an anomalous diffusion which is apparently similar to the Richardson law in a three-dimensional turbulent flow.Comment: REVTEX, submitted to Phys. Rev.

Transport Coefficients for Granular Media from Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Under many conditions, macroscopic grains flow like a fluid; kinetic theory pred icts continuum equations of motion for this granular fluid. In order to test the theory, we perform event driven molecular simulations of a two-dimensional gas of inelastic hard disks, driven by contact with a heat bath. Even for strong dissipation, high densities, and small numbers of particles, we find that continuum theory describes the system well. With a bath that heats the gas homogeneously, strong velocity correlations produce a slightly smaller energy loss due to inelastic collisions than that predicted by kinetic theory. With an inhomogeneous heat bath, thermal or velocity gradients are induced. Determination of the resulting fluxes allows calculation of the thermal conductivity and shear viscosity, which are compared to the predictions of granular kinetic theory, and which can be used in continuum modeling of granular flows. The shear viscosity is close to the prediction of kinetic theory, while the thermal conductivity can be overestimated by a factor of 2; in each case, transport is lowered with increasing inelasticity.Comment: 14 pages, 17 figures, 39 references, submitted to PRE feb 199